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1.
Biomédica (Bogotá) ; 32(2): 239-251, abr.-jun. 2012. ilus, tab
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-656833

ABSTRACT

Introduction. Alzheimer´s disease is a multifactorial disease affecting approximately twenty million people worldwide. Numerous variables are associated with increased risk of developing this severe neurological disorder. Among the risk factors, diabetes mellitus, and the ε4 isoform of the APOE gene have been amply demonstrated as increasing the risk of developing this disease. Objective. To determine if a correlation exists between APOE genotype, diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer´s disease. Materials and methods. Clinical studies were carried out by surveying the clinical histories in a group of patients in the province of Antioquia, Colombia. Forty-three Alzheimer´s patients were compared with 43 control subjects, paired by age and gender. Commercially available methods were used to determine whether the patients had diabetes, and restriction enzyme-based genotyping was used to determine the APOE genotypes. Results. The most common non-neurological comorbidities were: arterial hypertension, acute myocardial infarction, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and hypothyroidism. From the many variables investigated, two were conclusive: (1) the presence of Alzheimer´s disease was higher in patients with diabetes mellitus, and (2) no correlation between late-onset sporadic Alzheimer´s disease and APOE was found in the target population. Conclusions. To detect any association with the APOE genotype, a study involving much a larger population samples must be undertaken.


Introducción. La enfermedad de Alzheimer es compleja y afecta, aproximadamente, a 20 millones de personas en todo el mundo. Muchas variables parecen aumentar el riesgo de desarrollar esta alteración neurológica. Entre los factores de riesgo, se ha demostrado ampliamente que la diabetes mellitus y la isoforma ε4 del gen APOE tienen incidencia positiva en el desarrollo de la enfermedad. Se reporta un estudio en el cual se investigó la posible correlación entre APOE, diabetes mellitus y la enfermedad de Alzheimer, en un grupo específico de pacientes del departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. Objetivo. Determinar si existe una correlación entre APOE, diabetes mellitus y la enfermedad de Alzheimer, en un grupo de pacientes de Antioquia, Colombia. Materiales y métodos. Se buscaron y analizaron las historias clínicas de los pacientes con diagnóstico de enfermedad de Alzheimer. Se seleccionaron aquellos que cumplían los criterios de inclusión. Se utilizaron métodos comercialmente disponibles para confirmar la presencia de diabetes mellitus. La genotipificación de APOE se hizo con un método basado en la PCR y la digestión con enzimas de restricción, en muestras de todos los participantes en el estudio. Resultados. En este estudio se analizan 43 casos de enfermedad de Alzheimer y 43 individuos sanos controles, pareados por edad y sexo. Las enfermedades concomitantes no neurológicas más comunes fueron: hipertensión arterial, infarto agudo del miocardio, enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica e hipotiroidismo. Conclusiones. De las diferentes variables investigadas, dos arrojaron resultados concluyentes: i) la presencia de la enfermedad de Alzheimer es más frecuente en pacientes con diabetes mellitus, y 2) no se encontró correlación entre la enfermedad de Alzheimer de inicio tardío esporádico y el genotipo de APOE. Es importante indicar que debe llevarse a cabo un estudio con un tamaño de población mayor, para determinar cualquier posible correlación o inferencia con el genotipo de APOE.


Subject(s)
Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Humans , Male , Alzheimer Disease/epidemiology , Apolipoproteins E/genetics , Diabetes Mellitus/epidemiology , /genetics , Case-Control Studies , Comorbidity , Colombia/epidemiology , Craniocerebral Trauma/epidemiology , /epidemiology , Epilepsy/epidemiology , Gene Frequency , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genotype , Hypertension/epidemiology , Hypothyroidism/epidemiology , Myocardial Infarction/epidemiology , Neuropsychological Tests , Pulmonary Disease, Chronic Obstructive/epidemiology , Risk
2.
Rev. colomb. biotecnol ; 13(2): 144-154, dic 1, 2011.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-645175

ABSTRACT

The centrally located a-helix 5 of Bacillus thuringiensis d-endotoxins is critical for insect toxicity through ion-channel formation. We analyzed the role of the highly conserved residue Histidine 168 (H168) using molecular biology, electrophysiology and biophysical techniques. Toxin H168R was ~3-fold more toxic than the wild type (wt) protein whereas H168Q was 3 times less toxic against Manduca sexta. Spectroscopic analysis revealed that the H168Q and H168R mutations did not produce gross structural alterations, and that H168R (Tm= 59 °C) was more stable than H168Q (Tm= 57.5 °C) or than the wt (Tm= 56 °C) toxins. These three toxins had similar binding affinities for larval midgut vesicles (Kcom) suggesting that the differences in toxicity did not result from changes in initial receptor binding. Dissociation binding assays and voltage clamping analysis suggest that the reduced toxicity of the H168Q toxin may result from reduced insertion and/or ion channel formation. In contrast, the H168R toxin had a greater inhibition of the short circuit current than the wt toxin and an increased rate of irreversible binding (kobs), consistent with its lower LC50 value. Molecular modeling analysis suggested that both the H168Q and H168R toxins could form additional hydrogen bonds that could account for their greater thermal stability. In addition to this, it is likely that H168R has an extra positive charge exposed to the surface which could increase its rate of insertion into susceptible membranes.


La a-Hélice 5 del domino I de las d-endotoxinas de Bacillus thuringiensis, es crítica para la toxicidad de las toxinas contra insectos al participar en la formación de canales iónicos. La participación en la función tóxica del residuo Histidina 168 (H168) –el cual es altamente conservado– fue estudiada mediante técnicas de biología molecular, electrofisiología y biofísica. La toxina mutante H168R fue ~ 3 veces más tóxica que la toxina silvestre (ts) en Manduca sexta, mientras que H168Q fue 3 veces menos tóxica. Los análisis espectroscópicos indicaron que las mutaciones no producen alteraciones estructurales significativas y que la toxina H168R (Tm= 59 °C) es más estable que las toxinas H168Q (Tm= 57.5 °C) y wt (Tm= 56 °C). Las tres toxinas exhibieron uniones de afinidad similares (Kcom) en vesículas de intestino de larvas de insecto, indicando que las diferencias en la toxicidad no se deben a cambios en la unión inicial al receptor. Los ensayos de unión/disociación y fijación de voltaje mostraron que la reducción de la toxicidad de la toxina H168Q se puede atribuir a una disminución en la inserción y/o en la formación de canales iónicos. De otro lado, H168R mostró una inhibición a la corriente de corto circuito mayor que la ts y un aumento en unión irreversible (kobs), lo cual es consistente con un menor valor de CL50. La modelación molecular sugiere que H168Q y H168R forman puentes de hidrógeno adicionales, lo que les confiere mayor estabilidad térmica. Adicionalmente, es probable que H168R tenga una carga positiva extra expuesta en la superficie, lo cual aumentaría su tasa de inserción en membranas susceptibles.


Subject(s)
Bacillus thuringiensis/radiation effects , Bacillus thuringiensis/ultrastructure , Bacillus thuringiensis/virology , Toxicity/analysis , Toxicity/classification , Toxicity/methods
3.
Med. U.P.B ; 30(1): 48-65, ene.-jun. 2011. ilus
Article in Spanish | LILACS, COLNAL | ID: lil-600294

ABSTRACT

En el presente artículo se presentan los conceptos básicos que definen la patología de la enfermedad de Alzheimer (EA) y los métodos fundamentales utilizados en Neuroproteómica para su estudio. De igual manera, se discuten algunos resultados en el análisis de esta enfermedad y su relación con el genotipo APOE4 de APOE, el gen que codifica la Apolipoproteína E (ApoE). Finalmente se hacen algunas consideraciones generales sobre la EA, cómo evitar su progresión y se discute brevemente el futuro de la investigación en esta área.


Subject(s)
Humans , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Alzheimer Disease , Apolipoproteins E , Mass Spectrometry , Oxidative Stress , Proteomics , Proteomics/methods
4.
ACM arq. catarin. med ; 36(2)abr.-jun. 2007. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-464647

ABSTRACT

Introdução: A Hérnia Diafragmática Congênita (HDC) é a falha no fechamento do músculo diafragmático, ocasionando a migração de estruturasabdominais para o tórax, podendo causar hipoplasia pulmonar. O diagnóstico pré-natal se faz necessário para avaliação de malformações, aconselhamento familiar e caso seja preciso o encaminhamento para centrosespecializados. Em relação à ultra-sonografia quando utilizada como método de rastreamento apresenta o índice de falha diagnóstica de 41%. Já a ressonância magnética devido a melhor precisão da imagem, permite uma melhorvisualização anatômica, com achados mais precisos de herniações e uma boa acurácia em relação ao grau dehipoplasia pulmonar; no entanto com indicações restritas e selecionadas para realização do exame. A imagem porressonância magnética possibilitou que a cirurgia fetal aumentasse para até 75% a sobrevida dos fetos de altorisco com indicação para o procedimento.Objetivo: Através de uma revisão bibliográfica, avaliar o papel da imagem por ressonância magnética (IRM) no diagnóstico fetal de hérnia diafragmática. Métodos: Foi realizada uma extensa revisão utilizando os sites de pesquisa: Medline, Scielo e Cochrane. A pesquisa incluiu somente artigoscompreendidos no período de janeiro de 1996 a agosto de 2006. Conclusão: Na suspeita de Hérnia DiafragmáticaCongênita, está indicada a solicitação de ressonância magnética para confirmar o posicionamento dos órgãos abdominais, detectar o grau de hipodesenvolvimentopulmonar e avaliar anomalias associadas. Não é utilizado como método de rastreamento devido à sua restrita disponibilidade, alto custo e a segurança do método que ainda está em discussão.


Introduction: Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia is the imperfection of closing of this muscle and it takes the migration of abdominal structures for the thorax, causing pulmonar hipoplasia. Prenatal diagnostic is useful for family counseling, to evaluation of malformations associated and, if necessary, guiding for specializedcenter. In relation to the ultrasonografy when used as screening method it presents a fail diagnostic in 41%Already the magnetic resonance which had the best precision of the image, allows one better anatomical visualization with more findings of herniations and a good accuracy in relation to the pulmonary hipoplasia degree however with restricted and selected indications for accomplishment of the exam Magnetic ResonanceImaging made possible that the fetal surgery increase to 75% fetus surl of high risc with indication to the procedure. Objective: Through a bibliographic revision to evaluate the role of Magnetic Resonance Imaging in fetal diagnostic of Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia. Methodos: We realize a revision utilizing sites like:Medline, Scielo and Cochrane. We include in this research articles between January 1996 to August 2006 period.Conclusion: In the suspicion of congenital Diafragmatic Hernia, the request of magnetic resonance is indicated to confirm the positioning of the abdominal structures, to detect the degree of pulmonary hipodevelopment and to evaluate anomalies associates.It is not used as method of screening because it has a restricted availability, high cost and the security of the method that still is in quarrel.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Hernia, Diaphragmatic , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Ultrasonography, Prenatal
5.
ACM arq. catarin. med ; 36(3): 89-94, 2007. ilus
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-471243

ABSTRACT

Introdução: Mioma uterino é o tumor benigno mais comum do trato genital feminino. As principais queixas de pacientes com miomatose são: sensação de massa pélvica e sangramento uterino irregular. A miomatose apresenta várias alternativas terapêuticas, entre elas, a embolização das artérias uterinas, a qual vem sendo muito discutida nos últimos anos por ser um método menos invasivo que a técnica cirúrgica.Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo é revisar e demonstrar as possíveis complicações da embolização das artérias uterinas para o tratamento dos leiomiomas. Métodos: Foi realizada revisão da literatura através de portais de pesquisa como Portal Capes, PubMed, Cochrane e Bireme. Foram incluídos os artigos publicados nos últimos quinze anos, incluindo artigos originais, revisões e metanálises. Foi também realizada uma revisão da literatura através de livros cuja publicação ocorreu a partir do ano de 1998.Conclusão: A embolização das artérias uterinas pode resultar em complicações como: insuficiência ovariana, dor abdominal, infecção, prolapso transcervical do mioma, entre outros, porém, estas não apresentam taxas de incidência significativas. No entanto, maiores estudos são necessários para determinar o risco benefício da realização da embolização das artérias uterinas em relação as suas complicações.


Introduction: Uterine myoma is the most common benign tumor of the feminine genital tract. The main complaints of patients with myomatosis are: sensation of pelvic mass and irregular uterine bleeding. There are several therapeutical alternatives for myomatosis, among them, there is the embolization of the uterine arteries, which has been much discussed in recent years for being a method less invasive than the surgical technique.Objective: The objective of this study is to review and to demonstrate the possible complications of the embolization of the uterine arteries as a treatment of leiomyomas. Methods: A review of the literature was carried through research vestibules such as Vestibule Capes, PubMed, Cochrane and Bireme. It was included articles published in the last fifteen years, including original articles, revisions and methanalysis. Also a review of the literature was carried through books which have been published since the year of 1998. Conclusion: The embolization of the uterine arteries can result in complications such as: ovarian insufficiency, abdominal pain, infection, transcervical prolapse of myoma, among others, however, these do not present significant incidence rates. Thus, greater studies are necessary to determine the risk benefit of the accomplishment of the embolization of the uterine arteries over its complications.


Subject(s)
Coercion , Ethics, Medical , Informed Consent
6.
Rev. colomb. cardiol ; 13(3): 141-148, nov.-dic. 2006.
Article in Spanish | LILACS | ID: lil-469047

ABSTRACT

Se purificaron proteínas cardiacas a partir de ratas diabéticas y sanas de tipo Sprague-Dawley. Las proteínas fueron fraccionadas por medio de gel de electroforesis de dos dimensiones (2D-PAGE). La separación resultante fue visualizada por tinción con Coomassie azul. Luego de ser convertidas en imagen digital, las proteínas del grupo diabético y del grupo control fueron comparadas y correlacionadas para determinar los niveles de expresión diferenciada. Sesenta de las ciento ochenta proteínas en el gel fueron removidas y digeridas en fragmentos pequeños de péptidos, los cuales se analizaron por medio de espectrometría de masas para determinar la estructura primaria de los péptidos resultantes (secuencia de los aminoácidos). Esta información se registró en una base de datos (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) para determinar la identidad de las proteínas precedentes a los péptidos. Se determinó la identidad de las proteínas expresadas diferencialmente en el tejido cardiaco de ambos grupos; se encontraron varias proteínas expresadas en diferentes niveles a los normales cuando se analizaron los corazones de ratas diabéticas, incluyendo fosfatasa de tiroxina (PTP, Q60998), receptores de lipoproteínas de muy baja densidad (VLDL-R, P98156), perioxidasa de glutation (PHGPx, O70325), transferasa de serina hidroxilamina (SHMT, P50431), adenylyl cyclasa proteína 1 asociada (CAP1, P40124) y teletonina (TELT, O70548).


Cardiac proteins were isolated from diabetic and wild type Sprague-Dawley rats, then fractionated by two dimensional gel electrophoresis (2D-PAGE) using isoelectric focusing and molecular weight. The resulting protein spots were stained to facilitate detection. After being converted into a digital image, the proteins on the diabetic and wild type gels were matched to each other then compared to determine levels of expression. Sixty of the one hundred and eighty proteins on the gel were removed and digested to produce peptide fragments, which were analyzed by mass spectrometry to determine their amino acid sequence. This information was entered into a protein database (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) to determine the identity of the corresponding proteins. The identity of proteins differentially expressed in cardiac tissue of both groups was determined: several proteins were found to be expressed at different levels than normal in the hearts of diabetic rats, including protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP, Q60998), very low-density lipoprotein receptor (VLDL-R, P98156), glutathione peroxidase (PHGPx, O70325), serine hydroxymethyl transferase (SHMT, P50431), adenylyl cyclase-associated protein 1 (CAP1, P40124), and telethonin (TELT, O70548).


Subject(s)
Diabetes Mellitus , Peptides , Proteomics , Spectrum Analysis
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